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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also have comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to depression medications and may benefit from psychotherapy. Treatments that are most effective in reducing core symptoms of ADHD appear to increase and balance levels of specific brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The most frequently prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar medications. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used for adults. However the dosages are different and the drugs may cause side effects that are not present in children. The doctor will examine the medical history, family health history, and other medical factors of the individual to determine which medicine is best. The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall), and dextroamphetamine increase the availability of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and reduce aggression. They come in many forms, including chewable tablets, liquids and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferred because they provide greater patient compliance and a longer lasting more smooth improvement of symptoms. treatments for adhd Iam Psychiatry is crucial to be aware that co-occurring disorders like anxiety or depression can influence the response to ADHD medication. It is therefore recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first before medication be used as a second measure. The drugs that can be used for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Some patients may exhibit an “rebound” effect where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these cases a short trial of a lower dose of stimulant medication may be beneficial. Certain people are not able to take stimulant drugs or are in a position to not take them due to abuse of drugs or other health issues, such as severe heart problems or hypertension. In these cases, nonstimulant medication such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications do not cause the same amount of adverse effects as stimulants, and are a lower risk for abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a great option for people with ADHD. It can help those with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or deal with problems in their relationships or at work. It can also help with co-occurring mental illnesses such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and attitudes affect how they feel, think and act. CBT assists a person to recognize negative behaviors and thinking patterns, then develops and implements strategies to change them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs meditation techniques to teach people how to focus on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person’s family history can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can aid with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or interacting with others. It can also assist with forgetting important dates and responsibilities and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome the root issues like anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, for example exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to an individual in the family or with a partner who is dealing with the negative effects ADHD can have on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It involves a dialog based on skill with a mental health professional to address the root reason for the symptoms. This therapy aims to help patients overcome impairments and develop coping skills that are appropriate to their daily lives. In addition to educating clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT aid them in developing skills that allow clients to replace their negative thoughts with more productive ones. This process can take a while. It is an option for those who are unable to get enough relief from their medications. In a recent RCT, it was found that cognitive behavior therapy in combination with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone in terms of improving core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem, and social performance in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for those with more severe underlying problems. The therapists who offer this kind of treatment usually collaborate with the client to develop a detailed action plan for addressing their problems. They teach them a set of skills that are simple to master and have a high probability of success. A chart system is often used to monitor progress and reward positive behavior. For an infant, this could include a daily report which outlines the school-related activities or positive behaviors they must perform and a method of monitoring and gaining rewards. The therapists may also discuss the possibility of creating negative consequences if children fail to complete their work. This can be done in a sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy, assists individuals in changing how they think. This kind of therapy can be beneficial to those who suffer from various mental health issues like depression. It's a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists individuals learn to recognize their negative thought patterns and how they impact their moods. This kind of therapy can also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are able and beneficial. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To this end we evaluated self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition, debugging, information management, and evaluation). The results showed that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD however, it was not associated with regulatory processes. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which suggests they could be the cause of significant variance in daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that cause states of anxiety and rumination, as well as attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety disorder, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of MCT to alleviate symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat a variety of disorders and is more effective than other therapy. It is important to keep in mind that this is not an effective treatment for ADHD however it can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist works with all members of the family. This helps all family members learn about the client's issues and to understand how to help their loved one better. It also helps them deal with their anger and develop better communication skills. Additionally, this type of counseling is useful for addressing comorbidities such as depression or substance misuse which are often found in conjunction with ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to gain a better understanding of the family's perspective and determine if they are suitable for intervention with the family. The session can be conducted in person or online. The therapist will explain to each person the purpose of therapy and the rules and regulations for family therapy. A therapist who has experience treating adults with ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of their current symptoms, their past, and the impact they have on their work, family, and relationships. They will also ask whether there are other mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an organized form of counseling that teaches you how to change your negative patterns of thinking and to manage your behavior. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self-control by educating you on how to handle stress and anger. This is a temporary option that can be used in conjunction with other types psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that comes from underachievement and failure. It can also help them deal with relationship conflicts or job changes as well as academic challenges. It can help you develop strategies for managing stress and coping and help you manage your time and money more effectively. It can also address the comorbidity of disorders like mood and anxiety disorders which are frequently associated as a result of ADHD.